Charles International Law Research Library
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Index
1. Immigration
1.1. Temporary Protected Status
1.2. Parole in the U.S. Immigration System
1.2.1. The Re-Parole Process for Afghans in the United States
1.3. Travel to the United States under a Visa Waiver
1.3.1. The Electronic System for Travel Authorization (“ESTA”)
1.4. Nonimmigrant Visas to the United States
1.4.1. Pleasure Visas
1.4.1.1. B Visas
1.4.2. Work-Based Nonimmigrant Visas
1.4.2.1. H-1B Visas
1.4.2.2. H-2B Visas
1.4.2.3. O Visas
1.5. Immigrant Visas with Pathways to Citizenship in the United States
1.5.1. Humanitarian Immigration
1.5.1.1. Substantive Asylum Law
1.5.1.1.1. International Standards Underlying U.S. Asylum Law
1.5.1.1.2. Legal Standards for Asylum in the United States
1.5.1.1.2.1. Persecution
1.5.1.1.2.1.1. Persecution by Official Actors Versus Private Actors
1.5.1.1.2.1.2. The Presumption of Future Persecution Based on Past Persecution
1.5.1.1.2.1.3. Specific Forms of Persecution
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.1. (placeholder)
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.2. Physical Harm or Torture
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.3. Detention and Imprisonment
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.4. Psychological Abuse
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.5. Economic Persecution
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.6. Discriminatory Laws or Policies
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.7. Forced Medical Treatment
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.8. Gender-Based Violence
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.8.1. Female genital mutilation (FGM)
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.8.2. Forced marriage or domestic slavery
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.8.3. Honor killings
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.9. Child-Specific Persecution
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.9.1. Forcible recruitment as child soldiers
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.9.2. Denial of education due to gender, religion, or ethnicity
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.9.3. Family separation targeting the child
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.10. Credible Threats to Life or Freedom
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.11. Denationalization
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.12. Targeted enforcement of vague or politically motivated sedition laws
1.5.1.1.2.1.3.13. Persecution on account of whistleblowing or anti-corruption activity
1.5.1.1.2.2. The Five Protected Grounds for Persecution
1.5.1.1.2.2.1. Race
1.5.1.1.2.2.2. Religion
1.5.1.1.2.2.3. Nationality
1.5.1.1.2.2.4. Membership in a Particular Social Group
1.5.1.1.2.2.5. Political Opinion
1.5.1.1.3. Withholding of Removal</a>
1.5.1.1.3.1. Rescinding Withholding of Removal
1.5.1.1.3.2. Family Unity Exception to Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
1.5.1.1.3.3. United Nations Convention Against Torture
1.5.1.1.3.3.1. What Constitutes “Torture?”
1.5.1.2. Asylum & Withholding of Removal Procedure
1.5.1.2.1. Distinctions between Affirmative and Defensive Asylum Procedures
1.5.1.2.2. Affirmative Asylum Procedures
1.5.1.2.2.1. Your USCIS Asylum Interview
1.5.1.2.3. Defensive Asylum Procedures
1.5.1.2.3.1. Procedural Abandonment in Asylum Proceedings
1.5.1.2.4. Circumvention of Lawful Pathways
1.5.1.2.4.1. Defending Against CLP Arguments in Removal Proceedings
1.5.1.2.4.2. Challenging the Validity of the CLP Rule
1.5.1.2.4.3. The Family Unity Exception to the Circumvention of Lawful Pathways Rule
1.5.1.2.4.4. Is the CLP Rule a Nullity?
1.5.1.3. Refugee Resettlement
1.5.2. Family-Based Immigration
1.5.2.1. Family-Based Immigration Generally
1.5.2.1.1. Financial Sponsorship of Family-Based Immigrants
1.5.2.2. Marriage Visas
1.5.2.2.1. Stokes Interviews (i.e., “Marriage Fraud Interviews”)
1.5.2.3. Fiancé Visas
1.5.2.3.1. Fiancé Visas for Married Couples?
1.5.2.3.2. Can I Visit My Fiancé in the United States While My K-1 Visa Is Pending?
1.5.3. Employment-Based Immigration
1.5.3.1. Employment-Based Immigration Generally
1.5.3.2. Applying for Employment-Based Immigration
1.5.3.2.1. Building a Case for Extraordinary Ability (EB-1)
1.5.3.2.2. Building a Case for Exceptional Ability or an Advanced Degree (EB-2)
1.5.3.2.2.1. Specific Careers
1.5.3.2.2.1.1. International Airline Pilots
1.5.3.2.2.1.1.1. Professional Associations that Strengthen an EB-2 NIW Petition for Airline Pilots
1.5.3.2.2.1.1.2. Crafting a Good Letter of Recommendation Supporting an EB-2 NIW Petition for Airline Pilots
1.5.3.2.2.1.2. Academic Researchers
1.5.3.2.3. Building a Case for the National Interest Waiver (NIW)
1.5.3.2.4. Completing the I-140
1.5.3.2.4.1. Properly Signing Your I-140
1.5.3.3. Sponsoring Foreign Workers for Employment-Based Immigration
1.5.3.3.1. The PERM Process
1.6. Inadmissibility and Deportability Grounds
1.6.1. Inadmissibility Grounds
1.6.1.1. Health-Related Grounds
1.6.1.2. Criminal Convictions
1.6.1.3. Security Grounds
1.6.1.4. Public Charge
1.6.1.5. Unlawful Presence
1.6.1.6. Immigration Fraud
1.6.1.7. Prior Removals
1.6.1.8. Misrepresentations
1.6.2. Waiving of Grounds of Inadmissibility
1.6.2.1. The I-601
1.6.3. Deportability Grounds
1.6.3.1. Criminal Convictions
1.6.3.2. Violation of Immigration Status
1.6.3.3. Fraud in the Immigration Process
1.6.3.4. Terrorism and Other Threats to National Security
1.6.3.5. Failure to Register or Falsification of Documents
1.7. Immigration Court Procedure
1.7.1. Removal Proceedings
1.7.1.1. Voluntary Departure
1.7.1.2. Discovery in Removal Proceedings
1.7.2. Appealing a Denial from Immigration Court
1.7.3. Credible Fear and Reasonable Fear Review Hearings
1.7.4. Changing Your Address with the Immigration Courts
1.8. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
1.8.1. Immigration Detention, Bond
1.8.1.1. Documentation to Compile for a Bond Hearing
1.8.2. ICE Supervision
1.8.2.1. High-Intensity Supervision
1.8.2.2. Reporting to ICE During Mass-Deportations
1.8.3. Changing Your Address with ICE
1.9. Lawful Permanent Residence
1.9.1. What is Lawful Permanent Residence?
1.9.2. Adjustment of Status
1.9.2.1. Green Card Interviews
1.9.3. Building a New Life in America: Practical Resources for Asylum Seekers and Newly Arrived Immigrants
1.9.4. Immigration and Military Service
1.10. Citizenship
1.10.1. Naturalization
1.10.2. Derivative Citizenship
1.11. Obtaining Work Authorization and a Social Security Number as a Recent Arrival
1.11.1. I-765, Application for Employment Authorization
1.11.2. Obtaining a Social Security Number after May 2025
2. International Treaties and Customary International Law
2.1. Laws of Armed Conflict and International Humanitarian Law
2.1.1. The Geneva Conventions
2.1.2. Mercenaries, Foreign Legions, and Independent Contractors in International Conflict
2.2. International Criminal Law
2.2.1. Substantive International Criminal Law
2.2.1.1. Crimes Against Humanity
2.2.1.2. Crimes Against Peace
2.2.2. International Criminal Procedure and Law Enforcement
2.2.2.1. Universal Jurisdiction
2.2.2.2. International Criminal Tribunals
2.2.2.2.1. The International Criminal Court
2.2.2.3. International Extradition
2.2.2.3.1. The Rights and Duties of U.S. Citizens Travelling Overseas
2.2.2.3.2. INTERPOL
2.2.2.3.2.1. Interpol Notices
2.2.2.3.3. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties
2.2.2.3.4. Letters Rogatory
3. U.S. Participation in International Law and the Effect of International Law on U.S. Law
3.1. What are “Treaties,” and What Do They Mean for U.S. Law
3.2. The United Nations Participation Act
3.3. Noteworthy Treaties in which the United States Participates
3.3.1. UNCLOS
3.3.2. MARPOL
4. National Security and Foreign Relations Law in the United States
4.1. Powers of the Executive Branch to Regulate National Security and Foreign Affairs
4.2. Counterterrorism
4.2.1. Terrorism in the Context of Insurgency and Revolutionary Conflict
4.2.2. Military Operations to Combat Terrorism
4.2.3. Terrorism as a Crime
4.2.4. Terrorism as an Intelligence Challenge
4.3. Economic Sanctions, Trade Embargos, and Export Controls
4.3.1. Sanctions and Export Controls Generally
4.3.2. International Sanctions
4.3.2.1. The Legal Basis for International Sanctions
4.3.2.2. International Sanctions within a Broader National Security Strategy
4.3.3. Import and Export Controls
4.3.3.1. The Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations
4.3.3.2. Export Controls on Dual Use Goods
4.4. Treason
4.5. Counterintelligence and Foreign Agency
4.6. Foreign Investment in the United States
4.7. Use of Military Force
4.7.1. Use of the Military Overseas
4.7.1.1. Declaration of War under the U.S. Constitution
4.7.1.2. The War Powers Act
4.7.1.3. Authority for the Use of Special Operations Forces outside a Declared Theater of Armed Conflict
4.7.1.3.1. Authority for Train, Advise, and Assist Missions
4.7.1.3.2. Authority for Special Reconnaissance and Direct Action under a Congressional Authorization for the Use of Military Force
4.7.2. Use of the Military Domestically
4.7.2.1. Federalization of the National Guard & Domestic Use of Federal Forces
4.7.2.2. The Posse Comitatus Act
4.7.2.3. The Insurrection Act
4.8. The U.S. Intelligence Community
4.9. Executive Order 12333 and the Creation of the U.S. Intelligence Community
4.10. Intelligence Oversight
4.10.1. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
4.11. Covert Action
5. Tariffs and Trade
6. International Civil Aviation
6.1. The Chicago Convention
6.1.1. The International Civil Aviation Organization
6.1.2. International Accident Investigations under Article 13 of the Chicago Convention
6.1.3. International Airman Ratings and Certificates under the Chicago Convention
7. Admiralty and International Laws of the Sea
7.1. UNCLOS
7.2. MARPOL
8. Conducting Factual Investigations
8.1. The Basics of Investigative Analysis
8.2. The Freedom of Information Act and State Equivalents
9. Miscellaneous Advice
9.1. Using USCIS Online
9.1.1. Establishing a USCIS Online Account
9.1.2. Approving Forms in USCIS Online Using a Laptop or Desktop Computer